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Modiola caroliniana

(L.) G.Don (1831)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malvales Family: Malvaceae Genus: Modiola

modiola

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Creeping diffuse perennial herbs, sparsely hirsute, the hairs simple or 2-branched.

Stems: Stems slender, rooting at the nodes, up to 0.5(–0.8) m long.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades usually 1.5–6 cm long. Base truncate to subcordate. Margins lobed and serrate. Petioles about as long or longer than blades. Stipules broadly ovate, persistent.

Flowers: Flowers solitary in the leaf axils, pedicellate; involucral bracts 3, oblanceolate to obovate-cuneate, distinct. Involucral bracts 3.5–5.5 mm long, up to 2.2 mm wide. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Pedicels filiform, usually shorter than subtending petioles. Calyx 5-lobed, composed of connate sepals, sometimes irregularly cleft or truncate, the lobes valvate in bud, 4–7 mm long, accrescent and clasping in fruit. Corolla actinomorphic to moderately zygomorphic, salmon-colored to orange, often maroon at center, drying rose or lavender, rotate, the corolla of 5 petals, 5-8 mm long, obovate, distinct from each other but adnate at base to staminal column, convolute in bud. Stamens 5 to numerous, monadelphous, forming a staminal column, staminal column yellowish, terminated by filaments; anthers monothecal. Ovary superior, carpels 15-30, the carpels borne in a single whorl or rarely seemingly superposed whorls, placentation axile; ovules 2(-3) per carpel, the basal ovule separated from 1(2) upper ovules by an endoglossum; style branches as many as carpels, maroon; style exceeding the staminal column; stigmas maroon, terminal, capitate.

Fruit: Schizocarps 7.5–10 mm in diameter; mericarps blackish; oblong in lateral view; up to 4 mm long and 3.5 mm wide; lower 1/2 laterally and dorsally rugose-striate; indehiscent; upper 1/2 smooth-walled; hirsuite; bivalved; each valve with filiform awns 1–3 mm long. Seeds 2(3) per mericarp; 1-1.5 mm long; reddish brown; reniform; sparsely pubescent about the raphe; with or without endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 18

Habitat: Naturalized in open to slightly shaded; usually moist areas such as pastures and along roadsides.

Elevation Range: 850–2,100 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Gen. Hist. 1: 466 (1831)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:896 (M, H)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Modiola caroliniana Kohala Mts., upper Hamakua ditch at end of access rd. above Waikola reservoirs #1 and 2 Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5530 Hawaii BISH 1985-06-23
2 Modiola caroliniana Kipuka in flow of 1880-1 below Kipuka ahiu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 932 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-24
3 Modiola caroliniana Mauna Kea Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 855 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-01
4 Modiola caroliniana Kilauea, Puaulu, Kipuka Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. 7147 Hawaii BISH 1932-05-01
5 Modiola caroliniana South Kona: Kealakekua, Pauahi In open pasture. Preserved_Specimen Flowers pink. Hosaka, E.Y. 1487 Hawaii BISH 1936-08-13
6 Modiola caroliniana Edge of Wailuku River Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 714 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-05
7 Modiola caroliniana Located on the Mauna Loa Strip Road about 2.5 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway; or about 100 meters (NE) uphill from 4,000 ft elevation sign at right side of road; or about 1 mjile past Kipuka Puaulu. (plot 20) Acacia-Sapindus savanna community. Preserved_Specimen Herb about 2 feet tall. Newell, C.L. 173 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-27
8 Modiola caroliniana North Kohala, in Kohua Ranch Land Common in pasture. Preserved_Specimen Prostrate. Flowers pinkish-red. Hosaka, E.Y. 1570 Hawaii BISH 1936-09-04
9 Modiola caroliniana Kohala, Honokaa. Region above cane fields Pasture. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7149 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-28
10 Modiola caroliniana Slopes of Mauna Kea (Wailei) Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 458 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
11 Modiola caroliniana unknown Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 855 BISH 1909-07-01
12 Modiola caroliniana At the beginning of Mauna Loa scenic strip road, off the trail to the weather station In shady area under Sophora tree near small shed. Trailing herb. Common. Preserved_Specimen Trailing herb. Common. Herat, T. 617 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-19
13 Modiola caroliniana Kilauea region Open grassy region. Preserved_Specimen Fosberg, F.R. 7796 Hawaii BISH 1929-08-01
14 Modiola caroliniana East Maui, Olinda, on the grounds of the old Olinda Prison Growing as a weed alongside the buildings in low grass or bare ground. Preserved_Specimen Flowers dark orange closing up at night. Hobdy, R.W. 1768 Maui BISH 1983-05-31
15 Modiola caroliniana Volcanoes National Park, at the beginning of the Mauna Loa scenic strip road, off the trail to the weather station shady, under Sophora tree near a small shed Preserved_Specimen Trailing herb Herat, T. 617 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-19
16 Modiola caroliniana Keauhou Ranch, Kau District Growing in middle of Pu`u O`o Trail near gate in Pennisetum clandestinum pastureland. Preserved_Specimen Small herb. Clarke, G. 128 Hawaii BISH 1979-09-20
17 Modiola caroliniana Kaala, Parker Ranch Wet pasture. Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 283 Hawaii BISH 1932-06-16
18 Modiola caroliniana Puu Huluhulu, N. Hilo District Growing in full sun on `a`a lava, with Pennisetum, Bromus, Sherardia, on the western side of the pu`u. Preserved_Specimen Sprawling prostrate herb. Flowers orange. Anderson, S.J. 452 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-14
19 Modiola caroliniana Keauhou Ranch, Kau District, near Kipuka Puaulu, on Puu oo trail In Pennisetum clandestinum (kikuyu) pasture with scattered Metrosideros and Acacia koa trees. Preserved_Specimen Prostrate spreading weed with woody base. No flowers present. Fruit capsules green. Cuddihy, L.W. 556 Hawaii BISH 1980-06-19
20 Modiola caroliniana East Maui, Makawao District, Olinda Rare Plant Nursery. Growing in disturbed, open site. Preserved_Specimen Mat forming sprawling herbs, flowers salmon colored. Oppenheimer, H.L. 61301 Maui BISH 2013-06-03
21 Modiola caroliniana Along main road 17 miles from Kohala toward Waimea Pasture. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7150 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-14
22 Modiola caroliniana Kilauea C.C.C. Camp Growing with dense, tall lawn grass. Preserved_Specimen Prostrate. Fagerlund, G.O. 312 Hawaii BISH 1943-02-10
23 Modiola caroliniana Saddle Road, just beyond Pohakuloa Army Camp Prostrate, herbaceous weed of disturbed roadsides. Preserved_Specimen Flowers pink. Herbst, D.R. 2009 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-13
24 Modiola caroliniana Located on the Mauna Loa Strip Road about 2.5 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway; or about 100 meters (NE) uphill from 4,000 ft elevation sign at right side of road; or about 1 mjile past Kipuka Puaulu. (plot 20) Acacia-Sapindus savanna community. Preserved_Specimen Herb about 3 feet tall. Newell, C.L. 175 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-27
25 Modiola caroliniana Kau District: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Along trail through Kipuka Puaulu Wet forest. Preserved_Specimen Corolla salmon-orange; stems repent. Lammers, T.G. 5400 Hawaii BISH 1983-09-02
26 Modiola caroliniana Waikii edges of corn fields Preserved_Specimen Judd Jr., A.F. Hawaii BISH 1928-07-21
27 Modiola caroliniana West of Kilauea Shaded rocky pasture. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7148 Hawaii BISH 1926-07-26
28 Modiola caroliniana Kohala Mountains, Upper Hamakua Ditch Trail Wet forest, along trail. Preserved_Specimen Prostrate, trailing. Flowers orange-red. Fosberg, F.R. 10239 Hawaii BISH 1933-09-03
29 Modiola caroliniana Waimea, ranch 17 mi. from Kohala periodically fog-swept cattle range Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7151 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-01
30 Modiola caroliniana Puu Huluhulu, Humuula Saddle Common on open ground. Preserved_Specimen Radiating from root crown; flowers orange-red. Fosberg, F.R. 42161 Hawaii BISH 1961-09-11
31 Modiola caroliniana N. Hilo; Laupahoehoe AHU; Tr 13(5); E slope of Mauna Kea; NE of Douglas Monument on ridge S of Maulau Tr on aa; mesic koa-ohia forest with other native strees, native-exotic shrub and grass understory Preserved_Specimen Creeping; flower purple Warshauer, F.R. 1683 Hawaii BISH 1978-01-24
32 Modiola caroliniana East of Humuula, below Kalaieha On pahoehoe. Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 707 Hawaii BISH 1935-08-07
33 Modiola caroliniana Kohala Mountains; Waimea, pasture Decumbent. Preserved_Specimen Flowers flesh orange. Fosberg, F.R. 10256 Hawaii BISH 1933-09-03
34 Modiola caroliniana Wailuku River wet Metrosideros rainforest; gravel in streambed Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4869 Hawaii BISH 1983-07-27
35 Modiola caroliniana Kipuka Ki, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9728 Hawaii BISH 1981-12-23
36 Modiola caroliniana South Kohala: Puukapu, Waimea; Pookanaka paddock Preserved_Specimen Abundant, procumbent herb, branching at base, flowers light reddish. Hosaka, E.Y. 2141 Hawaii BISH 1938-06-02
37 Modiola caroliniana Kau, Hawaiian National Park. Kilauea. In Bird Park Preserved_Specimen Flowers pink. Prostrate. Hosaka, E.Y. 1419 Hawaii BISH 1936-07-03
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